\n\tBy Greg Peel<\/p>\n
\n\tJack Lifton<\/span> has had more than 50 years experience in the global automotive, heavy equipment, electrical, electronic, mining smelting and refining industries. His background includes sourcing, manufacturing and sales of platinum group metals, rare earth compounds and specialist ceramics used to make catalytic converters, oxygen sensors, batteries and fuel cells. Lifton<\/span> is an expert in analysing<\/span> supplies of a wide range of “minor metals”, including the rare earths. This week Resource Investor interviewed Lifton<\/span> on the current state of the global rare earth metal market.<\/p>\n \n\tThe following is a summary of what Lifton<\/span> had to say.<\/p>\n \n\tLast year's rare earth element (REE<\/span>) bubble was an anomalous speculative blip and today the market is going through a shakeout. Junior miners were coming to fruition at the time and most were overvaluing their projects “something fierce”. The bubble has since burst, which has a lot to do with China repositioning itself in the market. The reality is that of some 250-260 globally listed companies claiming REE<\/span> production potential, it appears only one – Molycorp<\/span> in the US – is in current production. The valuations of others are “coming back down to earth”.<\/p>\n \n\tSome 90-95% of remaining junior miners will be wiped out. [This is commonly held opinion, and not sensationalist.] Investors should note there is no “single” REE<\/span> market. Different REEs<\/span> are used for different purposes and while there is a market for a handful of critical REEs<\/span>, for at least half of all REEs<\/span> there is no “market” at all given minimal consumption. For many REEs<\/span>, production exceeds demand and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.<\/p>\n \n\tThere are only five critical REEs<\/span> which have individual markets. Neodymium is one, given it is the most important REE<\/span> used in permanent magnets, while the others are heavy rare earth elements (HREE<\/span>) including europium, terbium, dysprosium and yttrium. Yttrium is not strictly a REE<\/span> on a periodic table basis but is included by association. Now that general REE<\/span> prices are correcting to “reasonable” levels, investors are coming to understand the importance of these individual metals over other REEs<\/span>. [And many metals are labelled<\/span> as REEs<\/span> even though, like yttrium, strictly they are not.]<\/p>\n \n\tIt is important to understand this distinction because many assume all REE<\/span> prices must collapse, but in truth these critical REEs<\/span> will remain in strong demand and prices will be supported. There is no significant production of the critical REEs<\/span> outside China. If both Molycorp<\/span> and Australia's Lynas<\/span> Corporation ((LYC<\/span>)) reach full production potential by 2015, as their guidance suggests, about 60kt<\/span> of new REE<\/span> production will hit the market. However only 13% would be neodymium and none would be HREEs<\/span>. <\/p>\n \n\tGlobal production of neodymium is currently running at 21-25kt<\/span> per annum, and projections have demand growing at around 8% per annum. New mine supply will only grow as fast as demand, thus maintaining neodymium pricing. But the big issue in the magnet world is dysprosium. There is not now, nor has there ever been, any production of dysprosium outside China. <\/p>\n \n\tNo ex-Chinese mine is at the stage for which first dysprosium production is readily predictable, although two to four years is a best guess. Dysprosium is already in short supply. Total world production last year is unlikely to have exceeded 1400t<\/span> and if demand for REE<\/span> magnets increases, a deficit is likely. Demand growth of 8% per annum would require an additional 100t<\/span> of dysprosium each year. Only 4-5 HREE<\/span> producers could be in production in 3-4 years.<\/p>\n \n\tThe price of dysprosium has nevertheless crashed from a peak above US$2500\/kg to US$1200\/kg, prompting the less knowledgeable to suggest the game's all over. Yet it was all to do with an unjustified, runaway speculative bubble and the reality is the current price of dysprosium is significantly higher than the long term average. The current price should be maintained.<\/p>\n \n\tDysprosium is the “problem metal for everyone”. Molycorp<\/span> has suggested it will be meeting US demand for the metal by end-2013 but if demand projections of 7t<\/span> per annum are accurate, Molycorp<\/span> would have to recover 100% of metal from its deposit. And all of it will go to the US military, which has decided it will need 160t<\/span> per annum of REEs<\/span>, of which 7tpa<\/span> would be dysprosium.<\/p>\n \n\tSouth African miner Great Western Minerals Group claims it will commence REE<\/span> production in less than two years and will produce 34tpa<\/span> of dysprosium. While Great Western's REE<\/span> deposit is one of the richest on earth, it doesn't boast a lot of dysprosium. The 34tpa<\/span> expected is enough only for the company's internal consumption and will not be sold onto the market.<\/p>\n \n\tUcore<\/span> Rare Matals<\/span>, operating at Bokan<\/span> Mountain in Alaska, and Sweden's Tasman Metals will both have REE<\/span> production coming on line eventually, and on estimates will produce 120tpa<\/span> and 350tpa<\/span> of dysprosium. Rare Earth Element Resources of Wyoming could also boast a significant desposit<\/span>. There are other deposits that are less well known and could be “sleepers”. One is Lynas<\/span>' Duncan deposit in Australia. There are also significant dysprosium deposits in Australia owned by Hastings Rare Metals ((HAS)) and Northern Minerals ((NTU<\/span>)), although these projects are “quite early”.<\/p>\n \n\tWith regard to terbium, all dysprosium hard-rock deposits show significant terbium. If Ucore<\/span> in Alaska and Rare Earth Element Resources in Wyoming are producing significant amounts of dysprosium they should also be producing significant amounts of terbium, and of yttrium. The same applies to Tasman's Swedish deposit and to the Australian deposits of Hastings Rare Metals and Northern Minerals, although again it is early stages.<\/p>\n \n\t“No matter what we do right now,” suggests Lifton<\/span>, “we're going to be short of dysprosium for at least the rest of this decade, if not permanently. If dysprosium supply limitations are not addressed, growth in the use of REE<\/span> permanent magnet devices for rapid heating and cooling environments will be affected”.<\/p>\n \n\tLast week Jack Lifton<\/span> visited the new Lynas<\/span> Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) in Malaysia, having previously helped to comprise the international team asked by the Malaysian government to inspect it. This is what he found:<\/p>\n \n\tThe plant will reach 11,000tpa<\/span> of light rare earth element (LREE<\/span>) production after two building phases. Phase 1 is complete and Phase 2 is half complete. Had the Malaysian government approved a licence<\/span> to import ore by now, the LAMP would be in production. Full capacity of LAMP Phase 1 would take between six weeks and six months to achieve once the first imported ore arrives from Lynas<\/span>' mine in Australia. None has yet arrived, but there is two year's supply sitting back at the mine.<\/p>\n \n\tThe reason the Malaysian government is yet to approve the licence<\/span> is because of strong opposition from the Opposition, which has claimed the LAMP will be the “Fukushima of Malaysia”. The statement is political dynamite of course, but also quite ignorant. While radioactive thorium is used in the refining process, amounts are so small any radioactivity would barely register over existing background radioactivity. The LAMP is really no more than a chemical factory, and nothing like a nuclear reactor.<\/p>\n \n\tUnfortunately, try telling that to the Malaysian Opposition [which no doubt is thoroughly enjoying the political mileage it can achieve through such resistance].<\/p>\n \n\tSo it is still unclear as to when the LAMP will start production. Notably, however, despite LAMP producing only LREEs<\/span> and not the more highly sought after HREEs<\/span>, Lynas<\/span> claims it has already pre-sold its entire Phase 1 output into long term contracts. “Overall,” suggests Lifton<\/span>, “the actual amount of supply could exceed demand. But that doesn't mean that a lo-cost producer can't sell and make money”.<\/p>\n \n\tPrevious FNArena<\/span> stories on the subject of rare earth metals: <\/em><\/u><\/p>\n \n\tHastings Rare Earth Development Begins<\/a>
\n\tWhereto For Rare Earth Prices?
\n\tRare Earths Overcooked<\/a>
\n\tLynas<\/span><\/a> Approaching Blanket Coverage<\/a>
\n\tMake Mine Rare <\/a>
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